The Black Movement in Panamá: A Historical and Political Interpretation, 1994–2004

In the years following the 1989 U.S. invasion of Panamá, there were observable increases in racial discrimination, overt racist practices, and social and economic disparities on the Isthmus, all consequences of the defeat of the popular forces, the disarray of the Black Movement, and the embrace of neo-liberalism by wide-sectors of the political economic class. This article addresses the challenges and opportunities for mobilization faced by the Black Movement in Panamá during the decade of 1994–2004.